![]() ![]() Furthermore, type IV collagen activates T cells from patients with SSc, suggesting that the selective immunity to type IV collagen may influence the clinical expression of SSc. Immunization of mice with autologous type IV collagen leads to the activation of fibroblasts and to fibrosis. For example, autoantibodies to type IV collagen have been observed in some SSc patients and may be involved in endothelial injury. ![]() The enhanced expression of matrix collagen is presumably associated with abnormal immune responses to collagen in SSc. The finding that the synthesis of type IV collagen, a major collagen type in basement membrane, is disproportionately increased in the dermal fibroblasts and sera of patients with SSc supports this notion. In particular, alterations in the structure of the basement membrane, a critical component of the vessel, may lead to changes in the surrounding tissue and to subsequent development of fibrosis in SSc. This increase in collagen deposits may be associated with changes in the dermal microvasculature in SSc. ![]() The relative proportion of two major types of skin procollagen, types I and III, is higher in SSc lesions than in healthy controls. One of the major hallmarks of the disease is an increased amount of collagen deposits in the affected tissue. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a generalized disorder of connective tissue characterized by microvacular damage and excessive fibrosis in the skin and internal organs, including the heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. These findings suggest that the enhanced production of MMP-9 may contribute to fibrogenic remodeling during the progression of skin sclerosis in SSc. The increased MMP-9 concentrations may be attributable to overproduction by dermal fibroblasts in SSc. In summary, the serum MMP-9 concentrations were elevated in SSc patients and correlated well with skin scores. Such an increase in MMP-9 production was partially blocked by treatment with cyclosporin A. Moreover, dermal fibroblasts from patients with SSc produced more MMP-9 than those from healthy controls when they were stimulated with IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, or transforming growth factor β. Serum concentrations of MMP-9 correlated well with the degree of skin involvement, as determined by the Rodnan score and with serum concentrations of transforming growth factor β. Serum MMP-9 concentrations were significantly higher in the diffuse type ( n = 23) than the limited type of SSc ( n = 19). The patients ( n = 42) with SSc had higher concentrations of MMP-9 and of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and a higher ratio of MMP-9 to TIMP-1 in sera than healthy controls ( n = 32). In this study, we investigated the expression of MMP-9 and its clinical significance in systemic sclerosis (SSc). ![]() This study indicated that animal waste like hoofs can be converted to useful gelatin hydrolysate using microbial gelatinase and used for various applications.Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, autoimmune disease, and various pathologic conditions characterized by excessive fibrosis. The hydrolysis has maximum activity at 4 h incubation period and at a high amount of enzyme concentration. The production process for the gelatin hydrolysis was optimized by varying enzyme concentration and incubation time. The enzyme was used to produce gelatin hydrolysate by hydrolyzing animal hooves. The isolate produced more enzymes with the addition of peptone as a nitrogen source. The optimum enzyme production under solid-state fermentation includes an incubation period of 120 h and a moisture content of 66.7%. Gelatinase was optimally active at a temperature of 50☌ and at pH 8. The organism can grow under solid-state fermentation and produce gelatinase enzyme with a high activity using wheat bran as a carbon source. One isolate was selected for further analysis based on the eminent properties of the enzymatic reaction. All isolates were screened for the production of gelatinase on gelatin-containing media. A total of 100 bacterial isolates were isolated from soil and water samples. This study aimed to isolate the gelatinase enzyme from bacteria and optimize the reaction condition for gelatin hydrolysis. In recent years gelatin hydrolysates have gained a considerable indication in the applications of food and non-food products. Gelatinases are enzymes used to hydrolyze gelatin into peptides and amino acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis of gelatin increases its functional, textural, and nutritional characteristics. ![]()
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